# Technologies

To the preceding section: Methodology

The partners of the SALUTE project will develop two alternative technologies as liner concepts:

• a semi-active version based on a MEMS transducer
• an active version based on the Electroacoustic Absorber concept.

### MEMS-type acoustic absorber

to be updated soon

### Electroacoustic absorber concept

This section summarizes the concept of Electroacoustic absorber to be developped in the context of the SALUTE project. Further information might be found in .

In this concept, the acoustic liner is composed of a 2D surface of small loudspeakers, subject to an external sound pressure wave. Each loudspeaker is individually controlled through a feedforward strategy described in the picture to the right: by sensing the front sound pressure with microphones, the controller drives the loudspeaker with an electric current , assigning the loudspeaker membrane velocity , through a control function Θ defined in the frequency domain: as . This control scheme defines then an Electroacoustic Absorber, as defined in .

#### Controlling the acoustic impedance of the loudspeaker membrane

Since the effective acoustic impedance (that eventually defines the sound absorption performance) presented by each membrane is defined in the frequency domain by , the whole dynamics of the controlled electrodynamic loudspeaker, subject to an incident pressure , leads to:

Z(\omega)=\dfrac{j\omega M_{ms}+R_{ms}+\frac{1}{j\omega C_{ms}}}{S_d -B\ell \Theta(\omega)}=\dfrac{Z_{ms}(\omega)}{S_d -B\ell \Theta(\omega)}

where designate the mechanical mass, the mechanical resistance, and the mechanical compliance (inverse of stiffness) of the membranes, is the electrodynamic factor, and the surface of the membranes.

#### What happens when there is no control?

When the loudspeaker is not controlled (ie. current ) it already behaves as a mass-spring-losses system with acoustic impedance

Z(\omega)=j\omega \underbrace{\dfrac{M_{ms}}{S_d}}_{\text{mass}} + \underbrace{\dfrac{R_{ms}}{S_d}}_{\text{losses}} + \underbrace{\dfrac{1}{j\omega C_{ms} S_d}}_{\text{spring}}

with resonance frequency and resonance quality factor determined by . The absorption capability of the uncontrolled loudspaker is then limited to a rather narrow frequency range around resonance, depending on the factor, and might be not optimal depending on the value of .

#### Controlling the loudspeaker allows modifying its dynamic response to the acoustic pressure

At resonance, the sound absorption can be optimized by modifying the value of effective resistance. Also, it is possible to broaden the frequency range where the membrane is mostly damping (lowering ), or even change the resonance frequency, by modifying the effective mass and compliance of the membrane. This is exactly the objective of the active control achieved through the control function .

We can then define a target acoustic impedance to achieve, as a Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) resonator of effective mass , resistance and compliance , so that:

{\color{red}Z_{t}(\omega)}=j\omega {\color{red}\mu_1} \dfrac{M_{ms}}{S_d} + {\color{red}R_{at}} + \dfrac{{\color{red}\mu_2}}{j\omega C_{ms} S_d}

The target acoustic impedance takes the form of a mass-spring-damper system, with resonance frequency , where is the natural resonance frequency of the loudspeaker membrane.

Such target then determines the control law achieving the specified target impedance as:

{\color{red}\Theta_t(\omega)}=\dfrac{S_d}{B\ell}\dfrac{{\color{red}Z_{st}}-Z_{ms}/S_d}{\color{red}Z_{st}}=\dfrac{S_d}{B\ell}\dfrac{-\omega^2({\color{red}\mu_1}-1)M_{ms}+j\omega(S_d {\color{red}R_{at}}-R_{ms})+\frac{{\color{red}\mu_2}-1}{C_{ms}}}{-\omega^2({\color{red}\mu_1})M_{ms}+j\omega(S_d {\color{red}R_{at}})+\frac{{\color{red}\mu_2}}{C_{ms}}}

#### SALUTE: upgrading the electroacoustic absorber liner prototype for real engine architecture integration

In SALUTE, this prototype will be upgraded, following the following axes:

• installation of optimized loudspeakers for better performance
• installation of microphones supporting higher sound pressure levels for less sensitivity to flow noise
• implementation of advanced control strategies, such as Multiple Degrees Of Freedom (MDOF) resonators and impedance gratings along the surface
• mitigation of stability issues with additional passive treatments at high frequencies
• upgrade from 2D (ie. flat) to curved surfaces for better integration in a nacelle
• development of simulation tools for coupling the fluid dynamics and the active control boundaries
[1]
E. Rivet, S. Karkar, and H. Lissek, “On the Optimisation of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Acoustic Impedances of Low-Frequency Electroacoustic Absorbers for Room Modal Equalisation,” Acta Acustica united with Acustica, vol. 103, no. 6, p. 12. 1025-1036, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3813/AAA.919132.
[1]
E. Rivet, S. Karkar, and H. Lissek, “Broadband Low-Frequency Electroacoustic Absorbers Through Hybrid Sensor-/Shunt-Based Impedance Control,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 63–72, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TCST.2016.2547981.
[1]
H. Lissek, R. Boulandet, and R. Fleury, “Electroacoustic absorbers: Bridging the gap between shunt loudspeakers and active sound absorption,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 2968–2978, May 2011, doi: 10.1121/1.3569707.
To the next section: Impact